«The decision of the Executive Analytical Center was a setback, but not a tragedy.» Media managers and experts comment on the new order allowing to seize domain names
The Belarusian government is making it easier to suppress independent media outlets by shutting down all websites listed as extremist materials and registered with the national domain extension .by. What consequences will this ruling have for independent media? What can be done to oppose the arbitrary use of law by the Belarusian authorities? BAJ tried to figure it out with the experts.
Reform.by: «We are experiencing technical difficulties»
The Reform.by website has already announced that it is switching to the domain name Reform.News, which was previously used as a mirror site. However, this domain name is also blocked on the territory of Belarus.
According to Fiodar Pauluchenka, editor-in-chief at Reform.by, the site will move to Reform.News URL as soon as the current domain is seized by the authorities.
«We are experiencing technical difficulties. Google and other search engines evaluate sites based on their history, backlinks, and authority.
The Executive Analytical Center’s (EAC) decision was a setback for us. We will have to start almost everything from scratch. However, it is not a tragedy. The site is already blocked in Belarus, and the domain has been pessimized.”
Fiodar Pauluchenka. Courtesy photo
“We will continue our work and actively promote our new domain on social media to encourage our target audience to bookmark it. The Belarusian authorities’ intentions for the seized domains are unclear. I believe that propaganda materials or provocations may be posted there in the future.”
Fiodar Pauluchenka thinks that changing the domain name will not have a significant impact on the core audience. However, it may cause some inconvenience for those who only consume content occasionally.
«Users who arrive at our site through search engines or social networks may encounter issues. We acknowledge that the EAC’s order will reduce our potential audience. However, we remain optimistic as we have persevered through challenging conditions until now.”
The domain name Reform.news has already been blocked in Belarus. Fiodar Pauluchenka sees no point in creating new mirror sites.
«Jumping from one mirror site to another is not the solution to the problem. There are simple and effective ways to bypass blocking. You can use a VPN, temporary URLs, or AMP URLs (Google offers the technology that is much more difficult to block). Belarusian consumers need to improve their technological level. This is the only solution to the problem.”
Fiodar Pauluchenka argues that the order of the EAC contradicts the global rules of the Internet. These rules are established by international corporations. It is therefore recommended to contact ICANN and propose revoking EAC’s status as the national administrator of the .by domain extension. «The work takes time, so it needs to start immediately,» says the editor-in-chief.
The authorities seized BAJ’s domain name and email address
Euroradio: «None of our domains depends on the Belarusian registrar»
According to Pavel Sviardlou, editor-in-chief of Euroradio, the EAC order does not cause any additional issues for the resource:
«The new order does not pose any problems for Euroradio. We had initially considered how to ensure the resilience of our media. We no longer use Cyrillic domains with the .бел extension, which we had registered as a precaution. Currently, no Euroradio domains are registered with the Belarusian registrar.”
“We publish on the main and backup domains: euroradio.fm and euroradio.by. These domains are registered outside Belarus. We have long understood the repressive nature of how Lukashenka’s officials are trying to ‘regulate’ the Internet.”
Mr. Sviardlou is sure that nothing can happen to these domain names:
«To take away our domains, the EAC needs to contact ICANN, a non-profit organization that manages domain names and IP addresses. But we hope that they are aware that the Belarusian authorities use the word ‘extremism’ incorrectly. Labeling independent media as ‘extremist materials’ is a convenient way for them to censor the media market and suppress political opponents.”
«Total control over the internet in Belarus is impossible as long as it remains turned on»
Pauluk Bykouski, a senior analyst at MediaIQ, says that the authorities have not come up with new ways to «influence and control the media space.» However, the expert also sees several «key changes» in the EAC order.
«Domains can now be classified as ‘extremist materials’ not only based on their content but also for ‘national security protection purposes.’ The courts have interpreted ‘extremist content’ broadly, even without a specific order. This practice of broad interpretation can now occur on a large scale.”
Pauluk Bykouski
Domain name registration and management have always been taken seriously. However, the EAC’s order now includes additional «shades or facets that did not exist before.»
«I have friends who have purchased domain names. They were not interested in politics. However, they sometimes acquired domain names belonging to individuals labeled as ‘extremists’ or ‘terrorists’. At an auction, they purchased a beautiful domain name. The previous owners could not be located in the public domain, as the resources were no longer available. I don’t know what will happen to the domain names that were sold and bought now. It seems that these domain names will simply be unavailable, canceled,» says Mr. Bykouski.
The EAC order will primarily encourage independent media and bloggers to move to Western domains and platforms. On one hand, monetizing content will become more difficult, but the threat of «expropriation» disappears.
«The Belarusian authorities have tied all content publishers to the Belarusian information space through Decree No. 60 and other regulatory acts. You want to earn money from advertising in Belarus? You must establish a Belarusian company, you must have a domain extension .by, and you must have a Belarusian hosting service. Those who earned money from advertising in Belarus will now lose access to this sector. They will either turn to grant financing or look for contextual or less profitable advertising. But no one wants to go idle and die.”
What happens in the end?
«If the authorities wish to increase their supervision of content for Belarusian internet users, they will now lose their previous level of control. Moving the publishers of these resources to other domain zones will free them from the need to self-censor. The Main Directorate of Combating Organized Crime and Corruption will not be able to scare them. Although they will no longer have Belarusian advertising, they can still produce content. This is a double-edged sword: cleaning up the Belarusian media space is a logical move for the authorities. However, many independent publications in exile had to create domain names with other extensions, such as .media, .info, .com, and so on.”
The EAC order will not cause significant disruptions. However, there are still some nuances to consider. Previous amendments to the Criminal Code have resulted in the automatic transfer of the label “extremist content” to any mirror site.
«No additional court decision is required for this. The race to block ‘wrong’ domains will now begin to determine the winner. Content creators will establish mirror sites that can be cranked out endlessly. They will also create mirrors that are difficult to block in Belarus, using existing technologies. Let’s see who will be the winner in this competition,» the expert says. «For the audience, this order will bring additional restrictions on access to alternative information. But anyone who wants to find such information will find it. The authorities cannot establish full control as long as the internet is not shut down in Belarus.”
«The authorities are streamlining repression by removing legal obstacles»
Aleh Aheyeu, Deputy Chairman of the Belarusian Association of Journalists, believes that most independent media outlets have already moved away from using the .by domain extension.
«Therefore, this innovation poses a threat to media still using the .by domain extension and may be labeled as extremist content soon. They may soon lose the ability to administer websites. The Executive Analytical Center will likely take them over.”
Aleh Aheyeu Photo: BAJ
What will happen to the seized domain names? There is discussion in the media community that instead of well-known socio-political resources, Russian-world and provocative websites may appear at their previous domain names. The lawyer agrees that such a threat does exist.
«Assessing its potential is challenging since creating media, filling it with content, and acquiring the necessary organizational resources and funding all require good management. If you have the resources and the desire to use a well-known domain name for Russian propaganda, this will certainly happen,» says Mr. Aheyeu. «The EAC obviously wants to trade these domain names and auction them off.»
Is it possible to deprive the EAC of the right of a national administrator to manage the .by domain extension database?
«Many people would like that to happen, but there is no possibility. ICANN simply does not have such functionality. ICANN cannot strip anyone of the status of a national domain extension regulator, as it does not have such authority.”
So the only thing left for independent media in the current situation is to permanently emigrate from the .by domain extension?
«It’s like investment. The Belarusian authorities continue to demonstrate their inadequacy and lawlessness. All activities in which the Belarusian state can interfere are risky. You need to understand that everything related to the domain extension .by is fully controlled, regulated, and arbitrary. To expose oneself to such risks or do anything else under the control of the authorities in such inadequate conditions is extremely unwise.”
For a considerable amount of time, the Belarusian authorities have acted with impunity, disregarding any legal framework. The authorities took a considerable amount of time to gradually take control of the websites.
“Using the example of the BAJ website, I can say that the entire process, from setting unrealistic requirements to taking control of the site, took three months. We appealed, we argued, and we justified our position — but the opponent chose to spend a lot of resources to take control of one website. Then they decided to take over dozens of sites in one go. To achieve this, authorities are removing legal obstacles that prevent sites from being taken over en masse, rather than individually.”
This is another instance of increasing repression. Regrettably, it is not the first one, and it is likely not the last. When examining administrative and criminal law, the primary focus of legal changes is to streamline repression for the government.